{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "source": "ezo-gosen",
  "reviewedAt": "2026-09-11",
  "title": {
    "ja": "ロシア語附録の語釈・研究史",
    "en": "Interpreting the Russian appendix"
  },
  "summary": {
    "ja": "『蝦夷語箋』のロシア語を、まくぽりの比定、Невский の校訂案、日本の漂流記に残る語彙と照合する。原文の仮名、推定したロシア語形、音声の参考表記をそれぞれ示す。",
    "en": "Readings of the Russian appendix by Makupori, considered alongside Nevsky’s emendations and Russian vocabulary in Japanese castaway accounts. Recorded kana, proposed Russian forms and reference pronunciations are distinguished."
  },
  "events": [
    {
      "id": "edition-1854",
      "date": "1854",
      "dateKind": "publication",
      "dateCertainty": "documented",
      "kind": "publication",
      "scope": "work",
      "title": {
        "ja": "『蝦夷語箋』とロシア語附録",
        "en": "Ezo gosen and its Russian appendix"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "嘉永7年（1854）刊の『蝦夷語箋』には、アイヌ語の語彙に加えてロシア語の附録がある。国立国語研究所本では、画像3–10に附録が綴じられている。ロシア語を片仮名と平仮名で記した資料として読む。",
        "en": "The 1854 Ezo gosen includes a Russian appendix alongside its Ainu vocabulary. In the NINJAL copy the appendix occupies images 3–10, recording Russian in katakana and hiragana."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "honkoku",
          "locator": "国立国語研究所本、画像3–10"
        },
        {
          "reference": "iwai2005",
          "locator": "ロシア語語彙集の年代別一覧、嘉永7年"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nevsky-1936",
      "date": "1936",
      "dateKind": "publication",
      "dateCertainty": "documented",
      "kind": "critical-edition",
      "scope": "work",
      "title": {
        "ja": "Невский による附録の検討",
        "en": "Nevsky’s discussion of the appendix"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "Н. А. Невский は本附録を直接取り上げ、仮名の混乱や濁点の不安定さがロシア語の同定を難しくしていると論じた。舌・腹・六月・二月などについてローマ字で訂正案を示す。これらの修正は研究者の校訂として参照する。",
        "en": "N. A. Nevsky discusses this appendix directly, noting confused kana and irregular voicing marks. He proposes corrections in romanization for entries including tongue, belly, June and February. These are scholarly emendations."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "nevsky1936",
          "locator": "p. 44",
          "url": "https://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/journals/zivan_05_1936.pdf#page=45"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "imori-1978",
      "date": "1978-03-15",
      "dateKind": "publication",
      "dateCertainty": "documented",
      "kind": "related-edition",
      "scope": "related-text",
      "title": {
        "ja": "『北槎異聞』のロシア語対照表",
        "en": "Russian equivalents for Hokusa ibun"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "生森將人は『北槎異聞』の仮名とロシア語を対照する。季節、身体、住居などに比較できる項目がある。『蝦夷語箋』と似た形があっても、直接の借用関係や同じ話者からの採録を意味するとは限らない。",
        "en": "Imori Masato aligns the kana in Hokusa ibun with Russian words. Its seasons, body terms and household vocabulary provide useful comparisons. Similar forms alone do not establish direct copying or a common speaker."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "imori1978",
          "locator": "pp. 49–62; seasons p. 52, body and household terms p. 56"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kisaki-1980",
      "date": "1980-12-01",
      "dateKind": "publication",
      "dateCertainty": "documented",
      "kind": "related-edition",
      "scope": "related-text",
      "title": {
        "ja": "『漂海紀聞』のロシア語研究",
        "en": "Russian vocabulary in Hyōkai kibun"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "木崎良平は『漂海紀聞』のロシア言語篇を検討する。まくぽりが米ビセナ＝пшено と比較する米ヒセナについても、同書の語彙と日本語の穀物名との対応を調べる手がかりになる。",
        "en": "Kisaki Ryohei studies the Russian section of Hyōkai kibun. It provides a reference for comparing the vocabulary and Japanese grain names, including Makupori’s comparison of 米 ビセナ with 米 ヒセナ."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "kisaki1980",
          "locator": "pp. 47–97"
        },
        {
          "reference": "makupori2026",
          "url": "https://x.com/mkpoli/status/2098045757391778250",
          "locator": "米 ビセナ"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "iwai-2005",
      "date": "2005-03-31",
      "dateKind": "publication",
      "dateCertainty": "documented",
      "kind": "bibliography",
      "scope": "related-text",
      "title": {
        "ja": "近世・明治期のロシア語語彙集の研究",
        "en": "A survey of Russian vocabularies compiled in Japan"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "岩井憲幸は幕末・明治初期のロシア語語彙集を年代と成立の事情から整理し、『蝦夷語箋』の〈魯西亜言語〉も挙げる。附録を日本のロシア語学習史に位置づけるための書誌研究である。",
        "en": "Iwai Noriyuki surveys Russian vocabularies by date and circumstances of compilation, including the Russian section of Ezo gosen. The study supplies a bibliographical context for the appendix."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "iwai2005",
          "locator": "pp. 1–21; chronological list, 1854"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "iwai-2020",
      "date": "2020-12-30",
      "dateKind": "publication",
      "dateCertainty": "documented",
      "kind": "kana-transcription",
      "scope": "related-text",
      "title": {
        "ja": "『北槎聞略』の片仮名ロシア語索引",
        "en": "An index to the kana Russian in Hokusa bunryaku"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "岩井憲幸の索引は『北槎聞略』巻之十一〈言語〉の仮名と所在を調べる手がかりになる。凡例では促呼・合呼の一部を現代の小書き仮名に置き換えると説明しているため、索引の活字の大小を原本のままとみなさない。",
        "en": "Iwai’s index locates the kana Russian in volume 11 of Hokusa bunryaku. Its preface explains that some pronunciation marks are represented using modern small kana; the index’s character sizes therefore require care in comparisons with the original."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "iwai2020",
          "locator": "pp. 119–202; conventions pp. 119–120"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "makupori-2026",
      "date": "2026-09-08",
      "dateKind": "publication",
      "dateCertainty": "documented",
      "kind": "commentary",
      "scope": "work",
      "title": {
        "ja": "まくぽりによるロシア語の比定",
        "en": "Makupori’s identifications"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "まくぽりは附録の語を見出し・ロシア語形・IPA・仮名・ローマ字とともに検討し、清濁、弱化母音、文字の混同や見出しの入れ替えを指摘した。本サイトの各項目には比定を示した投稿を典拠として付し、補足の語釈と資料比較を添える。",
        "en": "Makupori’s posts examine the appendix using Japanese headwords, Russian forms, IPA, recorded kana and romanization, discussing voicing, reduced vowels, character confusion and exchanged glosses. Entry citations identify the relevant posts; accompanying notes provide further interpretation and comparisons."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "makupori2026",
          "locator": "thread beginning 2026-09-08; individual posts cited in entries"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "notes": [
    {
      "id": "transcription-and-emendation",
      "title": {
        "ja": "原文と校訂案",
        "en": "Recorded text and emendations"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "項目の仮名には既存の翻刻を用いる。ヱンバリ、ヘブラリ、ユフニなどの推定形は注記に置き、原文の欄へ移さない。別資料の似た語形、研究者が提案した修正、翻刻の修正は、それぞれ根拠の異なる情報として扱う。",
        "en": "Entry kana follow the existing transcription. Proposed forms such as ヱンバリ, ヘブラリ and ユフニ belong in the discussion. A parallel in another work, a scholar’s emendation and a correction to the transcription each constitute different evidence."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "honkoku",
          "locator": "transcription, images 3–10"
        },
        {
          "reference": "nevsky1936",
          "locator": "p. 44"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pronunciation",
      "title": {
        "ja": "ロシア語の綴りと発音",
        "en": "Russian spelling and pronunciation"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "ѣ・і・語末ъなどを含む比定形は、投稿が採る旧綴りを保持する。IPA は比定語を理解するための参考表記で、1854年の採録者や話者の音声を再現したものではない。無強勢母音、軟子音、日本語側の補助母音、文字の混同を区別して検討する。",
        "en": "Russian identifications retain the historical spellings used in the posts, including ѣ, і and final ъ. IPA supplies a reference pronunciation of the proposed word; it does not reconstruct a particular speaker in 1854. Reduced vowels, palatalization, Japanese epenthetic vowels and graphic confusion require separate consideration."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "makupori2026",
          "locator": "opening post and month names"
        },
        {
          "reference": "nevsky1936",
          "locator": "p. 44"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "scope-and-gaps",
      "title": {
        "ja": "語彙の範囲と空欄",
        "en": "Vocabulary coverage and blanks"
      },
      "text": {
        "ja": "語釈は附録の142項目を対象とし、各投稿が保留した比定も候補とともに記録する。9頁末の虱はロシア語欄が空白で、語形を補わない。10頁の文字一覧などは原文の翻刻で参照できる。",
        "en": "The commentary covers the appendix’s 142 vocabulary entries, including candidates left unresolved in the posts. The Russian space beside lice at the end of image 9 is blank and receives no supplied form. The alphabet and other material on image 10 remain available in the transcription."
      },
      "citations": [
        {
          "reference": "honkoku",
          "locator": "images 3–10"
        },
        {
          "reference": "makupori2026",
          "locator": "final post, 2026-09-10",
          "url": "https://x.com/mkpoli/status/2098097481234239557"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "references": [
    {
      "id": "honkoku",
      "language": "ja",
      "label": "『蝦夷語箋』国立国語研究所本・みんなで翻刻",
      "authors": [
        "みんなで翻刻「アイヌ関連資料」翻刻協力者"
      ],
      "title": "蝦夷語箋",
      "date": "1854",
      "publication": "国立国語研究所所蔵本・みんなで翻刻",
      "url": "https://app.honkoku.org/transcription/90aaa0afa9cf2f14fc579f138ed2fca9/3"
    },
    {
      "id": "nevsky1936",
      "language": "ru",
      "label": "Невский 1936",
      "authors": [
        "Н. А. Невский"
      ],
      "title": "От «Московии» к СССР (Октябрь и японский язык)",
      "date": "1936",
      "publication": "Записки Института востоковедения Академии наук СССР, V, pp. 43–53",
      "url": "https://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/journals/zivan_05_1936.pdf#page=45"
    },
    {
      "id": "imori1978",
      "language": "ja",
      "label": "生森將人 1978",
      "authors": [
        "生森將人"
      ],
      "title": "『北槎異聞』のロシア語",
      "date": "1978-03-15",
      "publication": "大阪外国語大学学報 42, pp. 49–62",
      "url": "https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/80711/"
    },
    {
      "id": "kisaki1980",
      "language": "ja",
      "label": "木崎良平 1980",
      "authors": [
        "木崎良平"
      ],
      "title": "『漂海紀聞』のロシア言語篇について",
      "date": "1980-12-01",
      "publication": "立正大学文学部論叢 68, pp. 47–97",
      "url": "https://rissho.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/1493"
    },
    {
      "id": "iwai2005",
      "language": "ja",
      "label": "岩井憲幸 2005",
      "authors": [
        "岩井憲幸"
      ],
      "title": "幕末・明治初期成立のロシア語語彙集の研究",
      "date": "2005-03-31",
      "publication": "明治大学人文科学研究所紀要 56, pp. 1–21",
      "url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10291/4158"
    },
    {
      "id": "iwai2020",
      "language": "ja",
      "label": "岩井憲幸 2020",
      "authors": [
        "岩井憲幸"
      ],
      "title": "『北槎聞略』巻之十一〈言語〉片仮名ロシア語索引",
      "date": "2020-12-30",
      "publication": "明治大学教養論集 551, pp. 119–202",
      "url": "https://meiji.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/8840"
    },
    {
      "id": "makupori2026",
      "language": "ja",
      "label": "まくぽり 2026",
      "authors": [
        "まくぽり（@mkpoli）"
      ],
      "title": "『蝦夷語箋』ロシア語附録の語釈",
      "date": "2026-09-08",
      "publication": "X, thread",
      "url": "https://x.com/mkpoli/status/2097308519464919164"
    }
  ]
}